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滲透是指室外空氣通過墻壁、門窗周圍的裂縫以及由于室內(nèi)和室外空氣壓力差而打開的門進(jìn)入建筑物的過程。壓差是由風(fēng)機(jī)運(yùn)行引起的溫差和進(jìn)氣或排氣引起的。滲透導(dǎo)致的熱損失是溫差和移動(dòng)空氣量的函數(shù)。滲出是空氣離開建筑物（例如，穿過墻壁和門窗周圍的裂縫）并帶走熱量的過程。滲透和滲出可能同時(shí)發(fā)生。通風(fēng)帶來可能需要加熱的新鮮室外空氣。與滲透和滲出熱損失一樣，通風(fēng)熱損失是溫差和進(jìn)入建筑物或排出的空氣量的函數(shù)。加熱設(shè)備選擇合適的加熱設(shè)備取決于許多因素，包括燃料的成本和可用性、建筑尺寸和用途、氣候以及初始和運(yùn)營成本權(quán)衡。主要熱源包括天然氣、石油、木材、煤炭、電力和太陽能。有時(shí)，多種來源的組合是經(jīng)濟(jì)的。鍋爐通常以天然氣為燃料，在需求旺盛的時(shí)期，可以選擇改用石油。太陽能可以作為任何類型燃料的替代或補(bǔ)充來源。
Infiltration is the process by which outdoor air enters a building through walls, cracks around doors and windows, and open doors due to the difference between indoor and outdoor air pressures. The pressure differential is the result of temperature difference and air intake or exhaust caused by fan operation. Heat loss due to infiltration is a function of temperature difference and volume of air moved. Exfiltration is the process by which air leaves a building (e.g., through walls and cracks around doors and windows) and carries heat with it. Infiltration and exfiltration can occur at the same time. Ventilation brings in fresh outdoor air that may require heating. As with heat loss from infiltration and exfiltration, heat loss from ventilation is a function of the temperature difference and the volume of air brought into the building or exhausted. HEATING EQUIPMENT Selecting the proper heating equipment depends on many factors, including cost and availability of fuels, building size and use, climate, and initial and operating cost trade-offs. Primary sources of heat include gas, oil, wood, coal, electrical, and solar energy. Sometimes a combination of sources is most economical. Boilers are typically fueled by gas and may have the option of switching to oil during periods of high demand. Solar heat can be used as an alternate or supplementary source with any type of fuel.
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